Why the Internet of Things is called Internet of Things: Definition, history, disambiguation
Summary
- The Internet of Things definition: “Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are linked through wired and wireless networks”
- There are a number of similar concepts but Internet of Things is by far the most popular term to describe this phenomenon
- The term Internet of Things was invented in 1999, initially to promote RFID technology
- The popularity of the term IoT did not accelerate until 2010/2011 and reached mass market in early 2014
- M2M or the Industrial internet are not opposing concepts to the Internet of Things. Rather, they are sub-segments.
Internet of Things definition
Why Google’s Internet of Things definition is inaccurate
Have you tried to find a comprehensive Internet of Things definition? Surprisingly, the Google answer is the following: “a proposed development of the Internet in which objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data”.
Wait. The Internet of Things in 2014/2015 is certainly not a “proposed development” anymore! The Internet of Things is REAL.
And Google should know this better than anyone else. In January 2014, Google acquired Nest, a company currently selling more than 100,000 smart thermostats per month. As TechCrunch recently put it: “at this stage there’s no putting the [Internet of Things] genie back in the bottle”. (link) There is plenty of more evidence: Wearable devices like the Jawbone Up have become mass market. The industrial conglomerate General Electric recently announced that they are making $1 billion in IoT-related revenue in 2014. (link)
Some well-known examples for Internet of Things applications today are:
- Wearable devices/fitness trackers (e.g., Jawbone Up, Fitbit, Pebble)
- Home Automation (Examples: Nest, 4Control, Lifx)
- Industrial asset monitoring (GE, AGT Intl.)
- Smart energy meters
A better Internet of Things definition
So what is a better Internet of Things definition? McKinsey short definition appears quite logic:
Internet of Things = “Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are linked through wired and wireless networks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet.“
This Internet of Things definition leads to an interesting question: If the Internet of Things is not necessarily part of the Internet as we know it, why then is it called Internet of Things?
A brief history of the Internet of Things
The birth of IoT
Kevin Ashton, inventor of the Internet of Things
The term Internet of Things is 16 years old. But the actual idea of connected devices had been around longer, at least since the 70s. Back then, the idea was often called “embedded internet” or “pervasive computing”. But the actual term “Internet of Things” was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 during his work at Procter&Gamble. Ashton who was working in supply chain optimization, wanted to attract senior management’s attention to a new exciting technology called RFID. Because the internet was the hottest new trend in 1999 and because it somehow made sense, he called his presentation “Internet of Things”.
Even though Kevin grabbed the interest of some P&G executives, the term Internet of Things did not get widespread attention for the next 10 years.
IoT takes off
The concept of IoT started to gain some popularity in the summer of 2010. Information leaked that Google’s StreetView service had not only made 360 degree pictures but had also stored tons of data of people’s Wifi networks. People were debating whether this was the start of a new Google strategy to not only index the internet but also index the physical world.
The same year, the Chinese government announced it would make the Internet of Things a strategic priority in their Five-Year-Plan.
In 2011, Gartner, the market research company that invented the famous “hype-cycle for emerging technologies” included a new emerging phenomenon on their list: “The Internet of Things”.
The next year the theme of Europe’s biggest Internet conference LeWeb was the “Internet of Things”. At the same time popular tech-focused magazines like Forbes, Fast Company, and Wired starting using IoT as their vocabulary to describe the phenomenon.
In October of 2013, IDC published a report stating that the Internet of Things would be a $8.9 trillion market in 2020.
The term Internet of Things reached mass market awareness when in January 2014 Google announced to buy Nest for $3.2bn. At the same time the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas was held under the theme of IoT.
The above graph shows impressively how the term “Internet of Things” has outgrown all other related concepts in popularity.
Disambiguation IoT vs IoE vs M2M vs Others
So “Internet of Things” is the most popular term in describing this new interconnected world.
An overview of related concepts
Cisco has been driving the term Internet of Everything (IoE). Intel initially called it the “embedded internet”.
Other terms that have been proposed but don’t mean exactly all the same are:
- M2M (Machine to machine) communication
- Web of Things
- Industry 4.0
- Industrial internet (of Things)
- Smart systems
- Pervasive computing
- Intelligent systems
How do these terms relate to each other? And how do they differ from the Internet of Things definition?
Click to enlarge image
How the concepts differ from each other
M2M
The term Machine to Machine (M2M) has been in use for more than a decade, and is well-known in the Telecoms sector. M2M communication had initially been a one-to-one connection, linking one machine to another. But today’s explosion of mobile connectivity means that data can now be more easily transmitted, via a system of IP networks, to a much wider range of devices.
Industrial Internet (of Things)
The term industrial internet is strongly pushed by GE. It goes beyond M2M since it not only focuses on connections between machines but also includes human interfaces.
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT has yet a wider reach as it also includes connections beyond the industrial context such as wearable devices on people.
Internet (as we know it)
In the above graph, the internet is a fairly small box. In its core it connects only people.
Web of Things
The Web of Things is much narrower in scope as the other concepts as it solely focuses on software architecture.
Internet of Everything (IoE)
Still a rather vague concept, IoE aims to include all sorts of connections that one can envision. The concept has thus the highest reach.
Industry 4.0
The term Industry 4.0 that is strongly pushed by the German government is as limited as the industrial internet in reach as it only focuses on manufacturing environments. However, it has the largest scope of all the concepts. Industry 4.0 describes a set of concepts to drive the next industrial revolution. That includes all kinds of connectivity concepts in the industrial context. However, it goes further and includes real changes to the physical world around us such as 3D-printing technologies or the introduction of new augmented reality hardware.
Further observations
Both M2M as well as the industrial internet are not opposing concepts to IoT. In fact both are a subset of the Internet of Things with a narrower reach.
Did you find this Internet of Things definition helpful or do you have specific feedback. Let us know.
great article. missing the industrial internet consortium http://www.industrialinternetconsortium.org/ but good overview
I am glad you enjoyed reading the article, Ajit. What do you mean when you say it is missing the Industrial Internet Consortium? I have included the industrial internet in both the google trend graph and the disambiguation part in the end. But I guess you have something else in mind?
Great Article Indeed !
How existing software developers and architect developer prepare themselves for IoT to IoE.
What will be job trends in the market with IoT and IoE world.
Hi Vikram, happy to hear you enjoyed the read. I have an article planned in a few weeks regarding how to get started in the Internet of Things as a developer. Regarding the job trends, I have not really digged deeper into that but I will put it on my topic list of things to potentially write about. Cheers, Knud
Good article and some sense of delineation is definitely needed as some confusion reins with terms being used interchangeably but the M2M definition in the graph/diagram does not seem right. It defines M2M as being about communication between devices of the same type – perhaps even implying end point to end point and maybe that thought is born out of its RFID starting point. However, if you take oil and gas as a use case, M2M is about delivering a secure policy driven communications solution that handles everything from device provisioning to device communication (for example sensors), to encrypted communication with datacenters with actionable data and inline analytics – and perhaps part of it uses SIMs over cellular and part of it uses wired and wireless networks. I doubt GE made a billion dollars in the M2M market out of anything other than this type of solution.
Peter,
glad to hear you liked the article. The definition that is displayed in the graph is the official Wikipedia definition of Machine-to-machine. The term M2M these days is definitely used in a broader sense than its initial definition. It is interesting to hear that in Oil&Gas you would even consider analytics as being part of the M2M definition. In my mind this is surely part of the overall connectivity solution but rarely part of the M2M service being provided. But I might be wrong there… Out of curiosity, would M2M in your O&G definition only relate to communications via cellular M2M networks? Or do you also consider solutions based on wireless HART as part of M2M? Regarding GE: Correct me if I am wrong but doesn’t GE consider all of their connectivity solutions “industrial internet”? I havent seen GE use the term M2M for a long time. And my guess would be that one of the reasons is that reach&scope of the term are too narrow for what GE is doing…
it’s worth to read this article knowing the historical background of IoT: https://untitledkingdom.co/blog/internet-of-things-then-now-soon/
your definition is very cool i like it this blog post. very useful Blog post.
Excellent Article??.Sir what is Scope for Electrical engineer in IOT field. Is it possible yo enter in IOT Application, development by electrical engineer which is already working in Renewable Energy &Distribution utility .
CCNA is required for IOT application Engineer??
Regards
Shivanand
I am computer science student and I have really find this article very interesting and helpful.And the information they provided is useful for me knowing IoT. Really curious to learn more about it.
Quite an interesting article, very specific and concise.